Synthesis and characterization of New Palladium(II) thiosemicarbazone complexes and their cytotoxic activity against various human tumor cell lines

The palladium(II) bis-chelate complexes of the type [Pd(TSC ^1-5)₂] (6-10), with their corresponding ligands 4-phenyl-1-(acetone)-thiosemicarbazone, HTSC¹ (1), 4-phenyl-1-(2′-chloro-benzaldehyde)-thiosemicarbazone, HTSC² (2), 4-phenyl-1-(3′-hydroxy-benzaldehyde)-thiosemicarbazone, HTSC ³ (3), 4-phenyl-1-(2′-naphthaldehyde)-thiosemicarbazone, HTSC⁴ (4), and 4-phenyl-1-(1′-nitro-2′-naphthaldehyde)- thiosemicarbazone, HTSC⁵ (5), were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic techniques (IR and ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR). The molecular structure of HTSC³, HTSC ⁴, and [Pd(TSC¹)₂] (6) have been determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Complex 6 shows a square planar geometry with two deprotonated ligands coordinated to P d II through the azomethine nitrogen and thione sulfur atoms in a cis arrangement. The in vitro cytotoxic activity measurements indicate that the palladium(II) complexes (I C 50 = 0.01 -9.87 M) exhibited higher antiproliferative activity than their free ligands (I C 50 = 23.48 -70.86 and >250 M) against different types of human tumor cell lines. Among all the studied palladium(II) complexes, the [Pd(TSC ³)₂] (8) complex exhibited high antitumor activity on the DU145 prostate carcinoma and K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cells, with low values of the inhibitory concentration (0.01 and 0.02 M, resp.).